VOICE ONE:
I'M SHIRLEY GRIFFITH.
VOICE TWO:
AND I'M RICH KLEINFELDT WITH THE VOA SPECIAL ENGLISH PROGRAM, PEOPLE IN AMERICA. EVERY WEEK, WE TELL THE STORY OF SOMEONE IMPORTANT IN THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. TODAY WE TELL ABOUT MADAM C. J. WALKER. SHE WAS A BUSINESSWOMAN. SHE WAS THE FIRST FEMALE AFRICAN- AMERICAN TO BECOME VERY RICH.
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VOICE ONE:
IN THE EARLY NINETEEN-HUNDREDS, LIFE FOR MOST AFRICAN-AMERICANS WAS VERY DIFFICULT. MOBS OF WHITE PEOPLE ATTACKED AND KILLED BLACK PEOPLE. IT WAS LEGAL TO SEPARATE GROUPS OF PEOPLE BY RACE. WOMEN, BOTH BLACK AND WHITE, DID NOT HAVE THE SAME RIGHTS AS MEN.
BLACK WOMEN WORKED VERY LONG HOURS FOR LITTLE WAGES. THEY WORKED MOSTLY AS SERVANTS OR FARM WORKERS. OR THEY WASHED CLOTHES. MADAM C. J. WALKER WORKED AS A WASHERWOMAN FOR TWENTY YEARS. SHE THEN STARTED HER OWN BUSINESS OF DEVELOPING AND SELLING HAIR-CARE PRODUCTS FOR BLACK WOMEN.
MADAM WALKER, HOWEVER, DID MORE THAN BUILD A SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS. HER PRODUCTS HELPED WOMEN HAVE A BETTER SENSE OF THEIR OWN BEAUTY. HER BUSINESS ALSO GAVE WORK TO MANY BLACK WOMEN. AND, SHE HELPED OTHER PEOPLE, ESPECIALLY BLACK ARTISTS AND CIVIL RIGHTS SUPPORTERS. SHE SAID, "MY OBJECT IN LIFE IS NOT SIMPLY TO MAKE MONEY FOR MYSELF OR TO SPEND IT ON MYSELF. I LOVE TO USE A PART OF WHAT I MAKE IN TRYING TO HELP OTHERS."
VOICE TWO:
MADAM C. J. WALKER WAS VERY POOR FOR MOST OF HER LIFE. SHE WAS BORN SARAH BREEDLOVE IN THE SOUTHERN STATE OF LOUISIANA IN EIGHTEEN-SIXTY-SEVEN. HER PARENTS WERE FORMER SLAVES. THE FAMILY LIVED AND WORKED ON A COTTON FARM ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. COTTON WAS A CROP THAT GREW WELL IN THE RICH, DARK SOIL NEAR THE RIVER.
MOST CHILDREN OF SLAVES DID NOT GO TO SCHOOL. THEY HAD TO WORK. BY THE TIME SARAH WAS FIVE YEARS OLD, SHE WAS PICKING COTTON IN THE FIELDS WITH HER FAMILY. SHE ALSO HELPED HER MOTHER AND SISTER EARN MONEY BY WASHING CLOTHES FOR WHITE PEOPLE.
THERE WAS NO WATER OR MACHINE TO WASH CLOTHES IN THEIR HOME. THE WATER FROM THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER WAS TOO DIRTY. SO, THEY USED RAINWATER. SARAH HELPED HER MOTHER AND SISTER CARRY WATER TO FILL BIG WOODEN CONTAINERS. THEY HEATED THE WATER OVER THE FIRE. THEN THEY RUBBED THE CLOTHES ON FLAT PIECES OF WOOD, SQUEEZED OUT THE WATER AND HUNG EACH PIECE TO DRY. IT WAS HARD WORK. THE WET CLOTHES WERE HEAVY, AND THE SOAP HAD LYE IN IT. LYE IS A STRONG SUBSTANCE THAT CLEANED THE CLOTHES WELL. BUT IT HURT PEOPLE'S SKIN.
VOICE ONE:
WHEN SARAH WAS SEVEN YEARS OLD, HER PARENTS DIED OF THE DISEASE YELLOW FEVER. SHE AND HER SISTER MOVED TO VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI. AT THE AGE OF FOURTEEN, SARAH MARRIED MOSES MCWILLIAMS. THEY HAD A DAUGHTER AFTER THEY WERE MARRIED FOR THREE YEARS. THEY NAMED THEIR DAUGHTER LELIA. TWO YEARS LATER,MOSES MCWILLIAMS DIED IN AN ACCIDENT.
SARAH WAS ALONE WITH HER BABY. SHE DECIDED TO MOVE TO ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI. SHE HAD HEARD THAT WASHERWOMEN EARNED MORE MONEY THERE. SARAH WASHED CLOTHES ALL DAY. AT NIGHT, SHE WENT TO SCHOOL TO GET THE EDUCATION SHE HAD MISSED AS A CHILD. SHE ALSO MADE SURE THAT HER DAUGHTER LELIA WENT TO SCHOOL. SARAH SAVED ENOUGH MONEY TO SEND LELIA TO COLLEGE.
SARAH BEGAN TO THINK ABOUT HOW SHE WAS GOING TO CONTINUE TO EARN MONEY IN THE FUTURE. WHAT WAS SHE GOING TO DO WHEN SHE GREW OLD AND HER BACK GREW WEAK?
SHE ALSO WORRIED ABOUT HER HAIR. IT WAS DRY AND BROKEN. HER HAIR WAS FALLING OUT IN SOME PLACES ON HER HEAD. SARAH TRIED DIFFERENT PRODUCTS TO IMPROVE HER HAIR BUT NOTHING WORKED. THEN SHE GOT AN IDEA. IF SHE COULD CREATE A HAIR PRODUCT THAT WORKED FOR HER, SHE COULD START HER OWN BUSINESS.
VOICE TWO:
AT THE AGE OF THIRTY-SEVEN, SARAH INVENTED A MIXTURE THAT HELPED HER HAIR AND MADE CURLY HAIR STRAIGHT. SOME PEOPLE BELIEVE THAT SARAH STUDIED THE HAIR PRODUCT SHE USED AND ADDED HER OWN "SECRET" SUBSTANCE. BUT SARAH SAID SHE INVENTED THE MIXTURE WITH GOD'S HELP. BY SOLVING HER HAIR PROBLEM, SHE HAD FOUND A WAY TO IMPROVE HER LIFE.
SARAH DECIDED TO MOVE WEST TO DENVER, COLORADO. SHE DID NOT WANT TO COMPETE WITH COMPANIES IN ST. LOUIS THAT MADE HAIR-CARE PRODUCTS. FOR THE FIRST TIME IN HER LIFE, SARAH LEFT THE AREA ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER WHERE SHE WAS BORN.
SARAH FOUND A JOB IN DENVER AS A COOK. SHE COOKED AND WASHED CLOTHES DURING THE DAY. AT NIGHT SHE WORKED ON HER HAIR PRODUCTS. SHE TESTED THEM ON HERSELF AND ON HER FRIENDS. THE PRODUCTS HELPED THEIR HAIR. SARAH BEGAN SELLING HER PRODUCTS FROM HOUSE TO HOUSE.
VOICE ONE:
IN NINETEEN-OH-SIX, SHE MARRIED CHARLES JOSEPH WALKER. HE WAS A NEWSPAPERMAN WHO HAD BECOME HER FRIEND AND ADVISER. FROM THEN ON, SARAH USED THE NAME MADAM C. J. WALKER.
MADAM WALKER ORGANIZED WOMEN TO SELL HER HAIR TREATMENT. SHE ESTABLISHED WALKER SCHOOLS OF BEAUTY CULTURE THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY TO TRAIN THE SALESWOMEN. THE SALESWOMEN BECAME KNOWN AS "WALKER AGENTS." THEY BECAME POPULAR IN BLACK COMMUNITIES THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES.
MADAM WALKER WORKED HARD AT HER BUSINESS. SHE TRAVELLED TO MANY AMERICAN CITIES TO HELP SELL HER PRODUCTS. SHE ALSO TRAVELLED TO THE CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES OF JAMAICA, PANAMA, AND CUBA. HER PRODUCTS HAD BECOME POPULAR THERE TOO.
VOICE TWO:
MADAM WALKER'S BUSINESS GREW QUICKLY. IT SOON WAS EMPLOYING THREE-THOUSAND PEOPLE. BLACK WOMEN WHO COULD NOT ATTEND HER SCHOOLS COULD LEARN THE WALKER HAIR CARE METHOD THROUGH A COURSE BY MAIL. HUNDREDS, AND LATER THOUSANDS, OF BLACK WOMEN LEARNED HER HAIR-CARE METHODS. MADAM WALKER'S PRODUCTS HELPED THESE WOMEN EARN MONEY TO EDUCATE THEIR CHILDREN, BUILD HOMES AND START BUSINESSES.
MADAM WALKER WAS VERY PROUD OF WHAT SHE HAD DONE. SHE SAID THAT SHE HAD MADE IT POSSIBLE "FOR MANY COLORED WOMEN TO ABANDON THE WASHTUB FOR MORE PLEASANT AND PROFITABLE OCCUPATIONS."
VOICE ONE:
IN NINETEEN-OH-EIGHT, MADAM WALKER MOVED HER BUSINESS EAST TO PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA. PITTSBURGH WAS CLOSER TO CITIES ON THE ATLANTIC COAST WITH LARGE BLACK POPULATIONS, CITIES SUCH AS NEW YORK, WASHINGTON, D.C., AND BALTIMORE. TWO YEARS LATER, SHE ESTABLISHED A LABORATORY AND A FACTORY IN INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA. THERE, HER PRODUCTS WERE DEVELOPED AND MADE.
SOME PEOPLE CRITICIZED MADAM WALKER'S PRODUCTS. THEY ACCUSED HER OF STRAIGHTENING BLACK WOMEN'S HAIR TO MAKE IT LOOK LIKE WHITE WOMEN'S HAIR. SOME BLACK CLERGYMEN SAID THAT IF BLACK PEOPLE WERE SUPPOSED TO HAVE STRAIGHT HAIR, GOD WOULD HAVE GIVEN IT TO THEM. BUT MADAM WALKER SAID HER PURPOSE WAS TO HELP WOMEN HAVE HEALTHY HAIR. SHE ALSO SAID CLEANLINESS WAS IMPORTANT. SHE ESTABLISHED RULES FOR CLEANLINESS FOR HER EMPLOYEES. HER RULES LATER LED TO STATE LAWS COVERING JOBS INVOLVING BEAUTY TREATMENT.
VOICE TWO:
MADAM C. J. WALKER BECAME VERY RICH AND FAMOUS. SHE ENJOYED HER NEW LIFE. SHE ALSO SHARED HER MONEY. SHE BECAME ONE OF THE FEW BLACK PEOPLE AT THE TIME WEALTHY ENOUGH TO GIVE HUGE AMOUNTS OF MONEY TO HELP PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATIONS. SHE GAVE MONEY TO THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE, TO CHURCHES AND TO CULTURAL CENTERS.
MADAM WALKER ALSO SUPPORTED MANY BLACK ARTISTS AND WRITERS. AND,SHE WORKED HARD TO END VIOLATIONS AGAINST THE RIGHTS OF BLACK PEOPLE. IN NINETEEN- SEVENTEEN, SHE WAS PART OF A GROUP THAT WENT TO WASHINGTON, D.C., TO MEET WITH PRESIDENT WOODROW WILSON. THE GROUP URGED HIM AND CONGRESS TO MAKE MOB VIOLENCE A FEDERAL CRIME.
IN NINETEEN-EIGHTEEN, MADAM WALKER FINALLY SETTLED IN A TOWN NEAR NEW YORK CITY WHERE SHE BUILT A LARGE, BEAUTIFUL HOUSE. SHE CONTINUED HER WORK BUT HER HEALTH BEGAN TO WEAKEN. HER DOCTORS ADVISED HER TO SLOW DOWN. BUT SHE WOULD NOT LISTEN. SHE DIED THE NEXT YEAR. SHE WAS FIFTY-ONE YEARS OLD.
VOICE ONE:
MADAM C. J. WALKER NEVER FORGOT WHERE SHE CAME FROM. NOR DID SHE STOP DREAMING OF HOW LIFE COULD BE.
AT A MEETING OF THE NATIONAL NEGRO BUSINESS LEAGUE, MADAM WALKER EXPLAINED THAT SHE WAS A WOMAN WHO CAME FROM THE COTTON FIELDS OF THE SOUTH. "I WAS PROMOTED FROM THERE TO THE WASHTUB,” SHE SAID. "THEN I WAS PROMOTED TO THE COOK KITCHEN, AND FROM THERE I PROMOTED MYSELF INTO THE BUSINESS OF MANUFACTURING HAIR GOODS AND PREPARATIONS. I HAVE BUILT MY OWN FACTORY ON MY OWN GROUND."
SHE NOT ONLY IMPROVED HER OWN LIFE, BUT THAT OF OTHER WOMEN IN SIMILAR SITUATIONS. MADAM C. J. WALKER EXPLAINED IT THIS WAY, "IF I HAVE ACCOMPLISHED ANYTHING IN LIFE, IT IS BECAUSE I HAVE BEEN WILLING TO WORK HARD."
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VOICE TWO:
THIS SPECIAL ENGLISH PROGRAM WAS WRITTEN BY VIVIAN BOURNAZIAN. I'M RICH KLEINFELDT.
VOICE ONE:
AND I'M SHIRLEY GRIFFITH. JOIN US AGAIN NEXT WEEK AT THIS TIME FOR ANOTHER PEOPLE IN AMERICA PROGRAM ON THE VOICE OF AMERICA.