Editor’s Note: This story is the first in a series about the Supreme Court of the United States. In the coming months, watch for text, audio, and video that explain what the Supreme Court is, why it is important (and disputed) in American culture, and how the justices ruled on some of the most important cases in modern U.S. history.
Your browser doesn’t support HTML5
The Rise of the U.S. Supreme Court
When Americans are angry and believe they are right about an issue, they might use this expression: “I’m going take it all the way to the Supreme Court!”
Protesters join others in a rally for fair elections outside the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington, Oct. 3, 2017.
These words capture two important ideas. First, the Supreme Court of the United States has the final say in legal disputes. The high court is sometimes called the “court of last resort.”
The expression also suggests that taking a case “all the way” to the Supreme Court is hard. Each year, the court receives about 7,000 requests to consider cases. The judges – called justices – rule on only 100 or so. Their job is to strike down laws or actions that violate the U.S. Constitution.
Linda Greenhouse reported on the U.S. Supreme Court for 30 years. She points out that although the justices hear only a few cases every year, the court plays an important role.
“It sits there as a symbol that there is rule of law in the country that people can turn to, and I think it’s a very important part of American culture.”
“Something that the world had never seen”
The idea for the Supreme Court dates back to 1787. At that time, the men who wrote the U.S. Constitution described a court system with a number of lower courts and one high court. The judicial branch, as it was called, would be one part of a three-part system of government.
A number of other countries have created high courts that are similar to the U.S. Supreme Court. But many did not adopt one of the most unique features of the U.S. Supreme Court: life tenure for judges. The 2018 U.S. Supreme Court justices are pictured here.
Reporter Linda Greenhouse says the idea of the U.S. Supreme Court was unusual because it was designed to be independent from Congress and the president.
“And so from the beginning the U.S. had a supreme court that could talk back, push back, and actually define the boundaries of the law. And that was something that the world had never seen.”
How the Supreme Court became supreme
At first, Americans were not sure how important the Supreme Court would be. Not very, some thought.
The court did not even have its own building, but moved from place to place. For a while, it operated out of the U.S. Capitol building in a meeting room lawmakers were not using.
And the position of Supreme Court justice was not highly valued.
One of the first justices, John Jay, resigned from the Supreme Court to become the governor of New York. Later, the president asked Jay to return to the high court. Jay said no. The idea of the federal judiciary had too many problems, he said. He did not think the Supreme Court could ever earn the public’s trust.
Chief Justice John Marshall
So the president at the time, John Adams, asked someone else, John Marshall, to be a Supreme Court justice.
That decision turned out to be very important. During his 34 years in office, beginning in 1801, John Marshall helped shape and strengthen the Supreme Court. One of his most historic decisions came in 1803. That year, Marshall wrote the opinion on a case called Marbury versus Madison.
The case related to a man named William Marbury. He had been offered a government job at the last minute by an outgoing president. The new president and his secretary of state, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, did not want to give Marbury the position for political reasons. But Marbury believed an earlier act of Congress required the president to appoint him. So Marbury took the dispute all the way to the Supreme Court.
The justices at the time agreed that Marbury should get the job. But they did not order Jefferson and Madison to give it to him. Instead, the justices believed, the earlier act of Congress violated the Constitution. So the whole idea behind Marbury’s case could not be justified.
That decision was historic, not because Marbury lost his case, but because of what it said about the Supreme Court. The chief justice claimed the court’s right to tell the rest of the federal government what the Constitution permits them to do.
Michael Trachtman, a lawyer and writer, puts it this way:
“Marbury versus Madison established that it is the Supreme Court who makes the final rules. The Supreme Court gets to say to the president of the United States, ‘You cannot do that.’ The Supreme Court gets to say to the Congress of the United States, ‘You passed this legislation, it took you 10 years to do it, the president signed it. No. It’s invalidated because it violates the Constitution.’”
The U.S. Supreme Court is frequently the site of rally for activists.
Dignity and importance
Of course, the Supreme Court does not have any power to enforce its decisions. It does not have money or an army. Instead, it depends on Americans’ respect for the Supreme Court and the rule of law.
As a sign of the respect it commands, in 1935 the Supreme Court finally moved to its permanent home. The building is made of white marble, with tall columns and a long staircase.
The chief justice who pressed Congress to approve money for the building, William Howard Taft, did not live to see it completed. But his dream for it was realized. Taft said he wanted it to show the “dignity and importance” of the Supreme Court in American life.
I’m Kelly Jean Kelly.
Kelly Jean Kelly wrote this story for VOA Learning English. George Grow was the editor.
_______________________________________________________________
Words in This Story
resort - n. something that you choose for help
role - n. the part that someone has in a family, society, or other group
symbol - n. an action, object, event, etc., that expresses or represents a particular idea or quality
boundaries - n. unofficial rules about what should not be done : limits that define acceptable behavior
outgoing - adj. leaving a particular position
invalidate - v. to show or prove (something) to be false or incorrect
column - n. a long post made of steel, stone, etc., that is used as a support in a building
staircase - n. a set of stairs and its supporting structures
dignity - n. the quality of being worthy of honor or respect